The first thing I had to do was to sort out the sequence of pulses for the Stepper Motors. I did this originally with an Arduino Uno as I wanted to remove as many opportunities for human error as possible and since this would be the first time I would user stepper motors with the Raspberry I thought it best to begin with a platform where I was use to doing I/O.
To operate a stepper motor you send signals to the 4 lines in a set sequence.
For the motors I purchased are 28BYJ48 DC 5V and their sequence is. Yours may be different.
Line1 Line2 Line3 Line4
Step 1 0 0 1 1
Step 2 1 0 0 1
Step 3 1 1 0 0
Step 4 0 1 1 0
To get the motor to go in reverse you just run this sequence in reverse order.
Also, strangely if you are doing this using an Arduino the stepper library worked first time for me even though the sequence is different. But when I tried a second, third or more times it failed unless I changed the sequence. See here for the details on the sequence in the Arduino Stepper Motor library: http://www.tigoe.net/pcomp/code/circuits/motors/stepper-motors/
This post also has a lot of useful information on stepper motors generally
All good, motors and driver board working as expected.
Next to get it wired up to the Raspberry Pi.
Here is an layout using a breadboard and a couple of UNL2003 Darlington Pair ICs. These are the same ICs as on the board so the wiring is the same. The board just makes it a lot easier.
NOTE: I used Fritzing to make the layout and it shows the motor as having 6 wires. There are 6 terminals on unipolar stepper motor, but the model I bought had the two power lines tied together so only came out to a single wire. Depending on the unipolar motor you have it may have 5 or 6 wires.
With all the wiring done next it was onto the code.
As I said above the goal was to get the motors controlled by a USB gamepad. The gamepad I used is a Saitek P380 (Amazon UK / Amazon US). I bought mine in PC World for about £10.00 For this I decided to use Python as learning to code properly in Python is one of my 2013 resolutions. Also, Python has a nice library in Raspbian for the GPIO pins and I knew that Pygame which works with Python 2.6x had the ability to read USB gamepads.
After figuring out all the mad stuff to do with getting the motors to work on the Arduino I was delighted that using Python and the GPIO library I got the motor to spin with no real problems.
After a bit of hunting on the Internet I got the code to read the USB gamepad and depending on how you push/pull the analog sticks the motors turned. Effectively allowing you to drive the vehicle like a tank with independent control for both wheels.
Here is the code I used. It is very simplistic as my hope is that it will be easily understandable by others so it can form the basis of something more interesting. I would expect with a bit of effort even I could reduce the code to about a 3rd of its current size and someone who can code properly could get it even shorter. But for this exercise I wanted to literally show every step in the sequence so it is easy to read, easy to understand and east to adapt.
#!/usr/bin/env python
import os, sys, pygame
from pygame import locals
import time
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD)
GPIO.cleanup()
# set the delay between steps
stepDelay = 0.002
# set up motor 1
GPIO.setup(8, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(16, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(18, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(22, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.output(8, GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(16, GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(18, GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(22, GPIO.LOW)
# set up motor 2
GPIO.setup(11, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(13, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(15, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(21, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.output(11, GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(13, GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(15, GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(21, GPIO.HIGH)
os.environ["SDL_VIDEODRIVER"] = "dummy"
pygame.init()
pygame.joystick.init() # main joystick device system
deadZone = 0.6 # make a wide deadzone
m1 = 0 # motor 1 (1 = forward / 2 = backwards)
m2 = 0 # motor 2 (1 = forward / 2 = backwards)
try:
j = pygame.joystick.Joystick(0) # create a joystick instance
j.init() # init instance
print 'Enabled joystick: ' + j.get_name()
except pygame.error:
print 'no joystick found.'
while 1:
for e in pygame.event.get(): # iterate over event stack
if e.type == pygame.locals.JOYAXISMOTION: # Read Analog Joystick Axis
x1 , y1 = j.get_axis(0), j.get_axis(1) # Left Stick
y2 , x2 = j.get_axis(2), j.get_axis(3) # Right Stick
print x1
print y1
print x2
print y2
if x1 < -1 * deadZone:
print 'Left Joystick 1'
if x1 > deadZone:
print 'Right Joystick 1'
if y1 <= deadZone and y1 >= -1 * deadZone:
m1 = 0 # Dont go forward or backwards
if y1 < -1 * deadZone:
print 'Up Joystick 1'
m1 = 1 # go forward
print m1
if y1 > deadZone:
print 'Down Joystick 1'
m1 = 2 # go forward
print m1
if y2 <= deadZone and y2 >= -1 * deadZone:
m2 = 0 # Dont go forward or backwards
if y2 < -1 * deadZone:
print 'Up Joystick 2'
m2 = 1
if y2 > deadZone:
print 'Down Joystick 2'
m2 = 2
if x2 < -1 * deadZone:
print 'Left Joystick 2'
if x2 > deadZone:
print 'Right Joystick 2'
if m1 == 1: # motor 1 go forward
# step 1 motor 1
GPIO.output(8,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(16,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(18,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(22,GPIO.HIGH)
if m2 == 1: # motor 2 go forward
# step 1 motor 2
GPIO.output(11,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(13,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(15,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(21,GPIO.HIGH)
time.sleep(stepDelay)
if m1 == 1: # motor 1 go forward
# step 2 motor 1
GPIO.output(8,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(16,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(18,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(22,GPIO.HIGH)
if m2 == 1: # motor 2 go forward
# step 2 motor 2
GPIO.output(11,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(13,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(15,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(21,GPIO.HIGH)
time.sleep(stepDelay)
if m1 == 1: # motor 1 go forward
# step 3 motor 1
GPIO.output(8,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(16,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(18,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(22,GPIO.LOW)
if m2 == 1: # motor 2 go forward
# step 3 motor 2
GPIO.output(11,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(13,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(15,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(21,GPIO.LOW)
time.sleep(stepDelay)
if m1 == 1: # motor 1 go forward
# step 4 motor 1
GPIO.output(8,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(16,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(18,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(22,GPIO.LOW)
if m2 == 1: # motor 2 go forward
# step 4 motor 2
GPIO.output(11,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(13,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(15,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(21,GPIO.LOW)
time.sleep(stepDelay)
if m1 == 2: # motor 1 go reverse
# step 4 motor 1
GPIO.output(8,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(16,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(18,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(22,GPIO.LOW)
if m2 == 2: # motor 2 go reverse
# step 4 motor 2
GPIO.output(11,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(13,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(15,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(21,GPIO.LOW)
time.sleep(stepDelay)
if m1 == 2: # motor 1 go reverse
# step 3 motor 1
GPIO.output(8,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(16,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(18,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(22,GPIO.LOW)
if m2 == 2: # motor 2 go reverse
# step 3 motor 2
GPIO.output(11,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(13,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(15,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(21,GPIO.LOW)
time.sleep(stepDelay)
if m1 == 2: # motor 1 go reverse
# step 2 motor 1
GPIO.output(8,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(16,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(18,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(22,GPIO.HIGH)
if m2 == 2: # motor 2 go reverse
# step 2 motor 2
GPIO.output(11,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(13,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(15,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(21,GPIO.HIGH)
time.sleep(stepDelay)
if m1 == 2: # motor 1 go reverse
# step 1 motor 1
GPIO.output(8,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(16,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(18,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(22,GPIO.HIGH)
if m2 == 2: # motor 2 go reverse
# step 1 motor 2
GPIO.output(11,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(13,GPIO.LOW)
GPIO.output(15,GPIO.HIGH)
GPIO.output(21,GPIO.HIGH)
time.sleep(stepDelay)
Once I put together the physical vehicle using cardboard, Nutella jar lids and some glue I tried it out.
It worked. The main thing that would need to be improved is the wheels.
As the Nutella jar lids are light plastic they wobbled a lot causing them to grind on the cardboard chassis. I used some toothpicks to stop the wheels turning in too much and this for the most part stopped the problem.
Here is a short video of it working.
As you can see I definitely won't be racing this bad boy, but it was great to work with stepper motors, python and pygame as well as upgrade some of my cardboard cutting and shaping skills.
